As greenkeepers, we are increasingly facing a myriad of challenges in maintaining our greens. The warming climate has led to a surge in numbers and frequency of outbreaks of previously infrequent problem insect pests such as leatherjackets and chafer grubs, which can cause significant damage to the turf. Additionally, the increased prevalence of fungal diseases, coupled with symptoms driven turf management due to out-dated maintenance practices, further exacerbate these challenges.

While the recent emergency approval of Chlorantraniliprole-based insecticides may seem like a quick fix to the problem of leatherjacket and chafer infestations, it’s important to consider the potential downsides. This approach is largely symptom-driven, focusing on the immediate issue of pest infestation rather than addressing the underlying health of the soil ecosystem.

Reliance on such insecticides can disrupt the natural balance of soil microbiology, potentially harming beneficial organisms and leading to a cycle of dependency where the soil becomes less resilient and more susceptible to future pest outbreaks. Furthermore, Chlorantraniliprole, like all chemical pesticides, carries risks of environmental contamination and potential harm to non-target species, including beneficial insects and aquatic life. It’s a reminder that while such measures might offer temporary relief, they are not a sustainable long-term solution to pest management.

Amidst these difficulties, the withdrawal of pesticides presents us with an unexpected silver lining. Rather than viewing this as a setback, it can be seen as a positive force, pushing us to leverage our knowledge and skills to work smarter and in harmony with nature. This shift in approach encourages the exploration and exploitation of the natural mechanisms and symbioses that grass plants have evolved over millennia to thrive in diverse environments worldwide. By harnessing these natural processes, we can promote healthier, more resilient greens, turning challenges into opportunities for innovation and sustainable practices.

Choose Life, Choose Chitin

Chitin, a component of the exoskeletons of soil borne arthropods, the cell walls of fungi and most interestingly the exoskeletons of insect larvae such as leatherjackets, plays a crucial role in soil health. It provides structural support and protection for these organisms. When insects, such as grubs, shed their exoskeletons or die, the chitin in their bodies can be broken down by certain microorganisms in the soil, contributing to the soil’s organic matter and nutrient content.. When added to the soil, it breaks down into chitosan, a substance that can enhance plant growth, improve soil structure, and stimulate beneficial soil microorganisms. These microorganisms, in turn, can help control harmful pests and diseases, making the soil more resilient and productive.

However, in overly managed turf, where the norm has been to maintain with pesticides, high salt mineral fertilisers, and an overabundance of sand, the soil can become almost inert in terms of microbiology. This means that the natural processes that break down chitin and other organic matter are disrupted, leading to a deficiency of beneficial substances like chitosan.

In essence, the soil becomes less like a living ecosystem and more like an artificial growing medium, lacking the complex web of life that helps plants thrive. By reducing our reliance on artificial inputs and reintroducing natural substances like chitin or chitosan directly, we can help restore the soil’s natural balance, promoting healthier, more resilient turf.

Chitosan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide derived from chitin, a major component of crustacean shells, fungi cell walls, and insect exoskeletons. It has gained significant attention in the field of agriculture due to its biodegradability, non-toxicity, and antimicrobial properties.

In the soil ecosystem, chitosan plays a crucial role in enhancing plant growth and productivity. It does this through several mechanisms:

1. Soil Conditioning: Chitosan improves soil structure by promoting the aggregation of soil particles. This enhances water retention and nutrient availability, leading to improved plant growth.
2. Plant Health: Chitosan has been found to stimulate plant defences, making them more resistant to diseases. It does this by inducing the production of chitinases, enzymes that degrade the cell walls of pathogenic fungi.
3. Microbiological Associations: Chitosan influences the soil microbiome, the community of microorganisms living in the soil. It can suppress harmful microbes while promoting the growth of beneficial ones. For instance, it can enhance the activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that plants can use.
4. Biocontrol Agent: Due to its antimicrobial properties, chitosan can be used as a biocontrol agent to manage soil-borne pathogens. It disrupts the cell walls of these pathogens, inhibiting their growth.
5. Bioremediation: Chitosan can also play a role in bioremediation, the process of using organisms to neutralise or remove contaminants from the environment. It can bind to heavy metals in the soil, reducing their bioavailability and toxicity.

Practical Greenkeeping Steps with Chitin

BioActive KitoPlus Easy 1500 m² green:  300 ml diluted in 30 L water. Apply five times per year in March, April, June, September and October and leave a minimum of two weeks between applications.

Chitosan has a multifaceted role in the soil ecosystem, contributing to soil health, plant growth, and disease and pest resistance. Its interactions with soil microorganisms are particularly important, influencing both the structure and function of the soil microbiome.

For a more detailed understanding, I recommend referring to some of the abundant scientific literature on the subject, some of which is listed below.

Research